First published in 1829 as Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné, Under Sentence of Death; Or, a Criminal's Last Hours is Victor Hugo's stark first-person meditation on capital punishment. Rather than constructing a conventional crime narrative, Hugo withholds the condemned man's offense and concentrates on consciousness: dread, memory, bodily terror, and the grotesque rituals of public execution. Its compressed, fragmentary style anticipates psychological realism while retaining Romanticism's moral intensity and fascination with the isolated, suffering self. Hugo was already emerging as a leading French Romantic when he wrote this polemical novella, and his lifelong opposition to the death penalty gives the work its urgent ethical force. Living in post-Revolutionary France, where the guillotine remained a theatrical instrument of state power, he transformed political protest into literary experiment, making the reader inhabit the victim's final hours rather than merely debate legal principle. This book is essential for readers interested in literature's capacity to intervene in public conscience. Brief but devastating, it rewards students of Hugo, Romantic prose, penal history, and human-rights writing alike.